Neurology

Anatomy & Physiology

Clinical Examination

  • Clinical Examination

  • Which site should be struck with the tendon hammer to elicit the biceps reflex?

  • Immediately anterior and superior to the elbow

  • Which site should be struck with the tendon hammer to elicit the triceps reflex?

  • Immediately posterior and superior to the elbow

  • Which site should be struck with the tendon hammer to elicit the brachioradialis reflex?

  • Approximately 10 cm above the wrist on the radial aspect of the forearm

  • Which site should be struck with the tendon hammer to elicit the knee jerk reflex?

  • Immediately below the patella

  • Which site should be struck with the tendon hammer to elicit the ankle jerk reflex?

  • Immediately posterior to the ankle

  • List 2 reinforcement procedures which can be used to amplify tendon reflexes difficult to elicit

  • 1) Clench teeth – when testing lower limb reflexes

    2) Hook together flexed fingers of both hands and pull – Jendrassik manoeuvre

  • In the grading of tendon reflexes on a scale of 0-4 what does ‘0’ represent?

  • Absent

  • In the grading of tendon reflexes on a scale of 0-4 what does ‘1’ represent?

  • Reduced – hyporeflexic

  • In the grading of tendon reflexes on a scale of 0-4 what does ‘2’ represent?

  • Normal

  • In the grading of tendon reflexes on a scale of 0-4 what does ‘3’ represent?

  • Increased – hyperreflexic

  • In the grading of tendon reflexes on a scale of 0-4 what does ‘4’ represent?

  • Clonus

  • Which tuning fork is used to assess vibration sense in a neurological examination?

  • 128-Hz tuning fork

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with olfaction?

  • Cranial nerve I

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of visual fields?

  • Cranial nerve II

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of visual acuity?

  • Cranial nerve II

  • Which cranial nerves are assessed with examination of pupillary light reflex?

  • Cranial nerves II and III

  • Which cranial nerves are assessed with examination of eye movements?

  • Cranial nerves III, IV and VI

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of facial sensation?

  • Cranial nerve V

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of muscles of mastication?

  • Cranial nerve V

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of facial expression?

  • Cranial nerve VII

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of hearing?

  • Cranial nerve VIII

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of vestibular function?

  • Cranial nerve VIII

  • Which cranial nerves are assessed with examination of palatal movement?

  • Cranial nerves IX and X

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of head rotation/shoulder elevation?

  • Cranial nerve XI

  • Which cranial nerve is assessed with examination of tongue movement?

  • Cranial nerve XII

  • Which cranial nerves are affected in dysarthria?

  • Cranial nerves IX, X and XII

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘no contraction’?

  • 0

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘visible muscle twitch but no movement of the joint’?

  • 1

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘weak contraction insufficient to overcome gravity’?

  • 2

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘weak contraction able to overcome gravity but no additional resistance’?

  • 3

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘weak contraction able to overcome some resistance but not full resistance’?

  • 4

  • In the Medical Research Council scale for grading muscle strength what number represents ‘normal, able to overcome full resistance’?

  • 5

  • List the 3 components of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

  • 1) Eye opening

    2) Best verbal response

    3) Best motor response

  • What is the score range for the ‘eye opening’ component of the GCS?

  • 1 to 4

  • What is the score range for the ‘best verbal response’ component of the GCS?

  • 1 to 5

  • What is the score range for the ‘best motor response’ component of the GCS?

  • 1 to 6

  • In pronator drift which direction do the arm and palm of the hand move?

  • Downwards with the palm turned inwards

  • Is a resting tremor typically rapid or slow?

  • Slow

  • Is a postural tremor typically rapid or slow?

  • Rapid

  • When does a resting tremor typically worsen?

  • At rest

  • With what action does a postural tremor typically worsen?

  • Outstretched arms

  • When does an intention tremor typically worsen?

  • With movement

  • Is bulbar palsy upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron pathology?

  • Lower motor neuron

  • Is pseudobulbar palsy upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron pathology?

  • Upper motor neuron

  • What term describes involuntary rapid shock-like muscle jerks?

  • Myoclonus

  • What term describes slow writhing movement of the limbs?

  • Athetosis

  • What term describes large flinging limb movements?

  • Ballismus

  • What term refers to weakness of a single limb?

  • Monoparesis

  • What term refers to weakness of one side of the body?

  • Hemiparesis

  • What term refers to weakness of both lower extremities?

  • Paraparesis

  • What term refers to weakness of all four limbs?

  • Quadriparesis

  • What does the suffix -paresis refer to?

  • Weakness of the limb

  • What does the suffix -plegia refer to?

  • Complete or near complete paralysis of the limb

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